The global, regional, and national burden of urolithiasis in 204 countries and territories, 2000-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Furthermore, the age-standardised DALY rate showed a decreasing trend across all SDI quintiles over the same period: high-middle SDI (−28.9% [–34.4 to −23.0]), middle SDI (−22.6% [–30.5 to −10.9]), and low-middle SDI (−2.9% [–15.8 to 12.9]).

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Twelve GBD regions showed declining trends in the age-standardised incidence rate of urolithiasis between 2000 and 2021, and the remaining nine GBD regions had an increasing trend of age-standardised rates of urolithiasis.

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