Surfactin from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> enhances immune response and contributes to the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis.

Furthermore, the middle surfactin group demonstrated a considerable enhancement in phagocytic rate and index (monocyte-macrophage phagocytosis of chicken red blood cells) as well as splenic cell proliferation capacity when compared to the Con group ( P < 0.05), with a highly significant difference relative to the CTX group ( P < 0.01) ( Fig. 1D and E ).

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