Heart failure in first- and second-generation immigrants aged 18-54 years in Sweden: A national study.

3 Although the prevalence and incidence of CHF increase with age, many individuals achieve CHF earlier in life, with signs of a decreasing incidence among older individuals but an increasing trend among younger individuals, 4 with an increased hospitalization rate among the younger. 5 In Sweden, the prevalence of CHF is estimated to be around 2%, although incidence and mortality seem to have been decreasing in recent years. 6 A diagnosis of CHF requires three criteria to be fulfilled: first, typical clinical symptoms such as dyspnoea; second, clinical signs observed via physical examination; and third, objective findings of impaired cardiac function on echocardiography, chest radiography or other imaging.

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