highly significantP ≤ 0.01
AMMI analysis The combined variance analysis of grain yield data of 40 quinoa genotypes in eight environments ( Table 4 ) showed that the effects of G, E, and G×E interaction were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), indicating a significant difference in average grain yield among environments and genotypes, as well as the fluctuation of the grain yield of quinoa genotypes from one environment to another.