marginally significantp = 0.058
Additionally, PTE showed significant effects for individuals aged 17–59 (SMD = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.11~1.75, p = 0.027) and had marginally significant effects on improving EFs in adults aged 59 and older (SMD = 0.62, 95%CI = −0.02~1.25, p = 0.058). 4.