Chiral Amino Acids Mediate Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis of Human Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells Under Oxidative Stress.

p < 0.01 was considered a highly significant difference and is indicated as error bars with **. *** means p < 0.001; **** means p < 0.0001.

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The apoptosis rate increased to 7.25–18.15% at a concentration of 15 mM, significantly enhanced compared to the control (6.32%) ( Figure 3 D,E), indicating that the cells partially significant early apoptosis.

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