Flexible ureteroscopy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy for management of lower pole renal hard stones ≤ 2 cm: a prospective randomized study.

The chi-square test indicated a substantial difference (χ2 = 20.095, p < 0.001), and the trend across the groups was notably significant (chi-square for trend p = 0.001), showing a decreasing trend in SFR from Flexible Ureteroscope to ESWL and Mini PCNL Table 2 .

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χ 2 Chi square test MC Monte Carlo test KW Kruskal Wallis test p1 difference between flexible and ESWL groups p2 difference between ESWL and Mini PCNL groups p3 difference between flexible and mini PCNL groups * p < 0.05 is statistically significant ** p ≤ 0.001 is statistically highly significant Wx Wilcoxon signed rank test.

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