Evolution characteristics and causes of iodine and fluoride in groundwater of Hengshui city in North China.

Conversely, F− concentrations, ranging from 0.32 to 2.95 mg/L, exhibited an increasing trend, with the average rising from 1.00 mg/L to 1.12 mg/L.

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Results Temporal distribution characteristics of iodine and fluoride Between 2014 and 2022, concentrations of I− in the study area’s SG ranged from 0 to 0.4 mg/L, with an average that showed a decreasing trend, from 0.17 mg/L to 0.16 mg/L.

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