Paternal response to novel predator exposure correlates with transgenerational response in offspring of threespined stickleback.

R Soc Open Sci · 2025 · PMC11706653 · PMID 39780962

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Finally, variance in offspring activity was marginally significant in the post-exposure period of the behavioural assay (Levene’s test: F 3,197 = 2.58, p = 0.05), with the lowest variance being in offspring of fathers exposed to visual cues only (control offspring standard error: 4.58; visual: 2.64; olfactory: 3.93; visual and olfactory: 4.41).

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