highly significantp -value <0.0001
Indeed, we observed complete or near complete LD for all pairs of SNPs with sufficiently high frequencies (only alleles with frequencies in the range 0.05–0.95 were included in the analysis because estimates of LD for low-frequency alleles in small samples are not informative): 85% of all pairwise r 2 values were highly significant (Exact p -value <0.0001).