Synthesis and modification of novel thiazole-fused quinoxalines as new insecticidal agents against the cotton leafworm <i>Spodoptera litura</i>: design, characterization, <i>in vivo</i> bio-evaluation, toxicological effectiveness, and study their mode of action.

Introduction Spodoptera litura , commonly known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a highly significant pest for plants. 1 This agricultural pest is distributed across various regions worldwide and has an extensive host range, affecting crops such as cotton, tobacco, soybeans, tomatoes, and corn. 2 Additionally, S. litura is a major destructive pest that poses a significant threat to numerous field c

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