highly significantP < 0.01
Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and highly significant at P < 0.01.
Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and highly significant at P < 0.01.
TEM images ( Figure 2 ) showed that droplet sizes within nanoscale range (<100 nm) across all formulations, with some non-film forming emulsifier visible in αNE4, αNE5, and αNE6 ( Figure 2D-F , a); both the DSD and PDI ( Figure 3 ) exhibited a decreasing trend from αNE1 to αNE6, and zeta potentials ( Figure 4 ) became more negative as Polysorbate 80 concentration increased.