Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe.

In the Y-chromosome analysis, we detect previously unappreciated geographic variation across the LBK ( Extended Figure 3 ) (a χ 2 205,42 =183 test for heterogeneity is highly significant at P <10 −19 ), with haplogroup G dominant in the Slovakian, German, and Hungarian LBK; haplogroup C in the Austrian_LBK; and the majority of the Hungary_ALPC individuals with haplogroup I (36%), associated with Mesolithic populations such as those of the Iron Gates regions of Serbia and Romania 20 , 31 .

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The only notable correlation we detect is at Nitra Horné Krškany, where we found a marginally significant signal of variation across families for δ 13 C carbon isotopes (Kruskal-Wallis=17.20, N=26, P =0.04) ( Supplementary Table 16 ), providing some evidence that families sourced food from different landscape contexts, either through variation in direct consumption or through variation in consumption of animals eating these plants 27 .

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