Global, regional, and national burden inequality of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.

The results indicated a positive trend in the AAPCs for all three indices, with the ASIR (AAPC = 63.4, 95% CI: 62.1–64.6%, p < 0.001), ASMR (AAPC = 74.5, 95% CI: 60.3–88.6%, p < 0.001), and ASDR (AAPC = 32.2, 95% CI: 26.2–38.3%, p < 0.001) indices demonstrating increasing trends ( Tables 5 , 6 ).

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Additionally, the study further conducted a year-by-year analysis over the past 30 years and found that, despite an overall trend across the three decades, specific years within this period showed deviations from the general trend.

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Conversely, a decreasing trend is observed when the upper bound of the 95% CI of the APC or AAPC estimates falls below zero.

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From a statistical perspective, APC or AAPC estimates with a lower bound of the 95% CI exceeding zero indicate an increasing trend within the specified interval.

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