* indicates p < 0.05 for significant difference, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, and **** indicates p < 0.0001 for highly significant difference. 3 Results 3.1 Diarrhea rate and growth performance of calves Body weight and various growth performance metrics of diarrheic calves were measured, and diarrhea incidence from birth to weaning (1–60 days) was calculated based on fecal scores.
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16S rRNA and metabolomics reveal the key microbes and key metabolites that regulate diarrhea in Holstein male calves.
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