Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis via AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy-related macrophage polarization.

Cardiovasc Diabetol · 2025 · PMC11780875 · PMID 39881287

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The OD, HFD, and DA groups also showed an increasing trend in M1 macrophage numbers, consistent with the severity of atherosclerotic lesions.

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