NMR-style analysis of Vc INDY ( Sauer et al, 2022 ) indicates that there may be significant structural plasticity around the substrate-binding site before Na + binding, preventing it from the binding substrate; however, binding of the Na + ions could then stabilize the HP loop structures, facilitating stable substrate binding.
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Cryo-EM structures reveal the H<sup>+</sup>/citrate symport mechanism of <i>Drosophila</i> INDY.
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