1 The incidence has been showing an increasing trend globally, where risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immunosuppression and smoking. 2 The mainstay of treatment for non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with one-year and five-year survival rates of 84.8% and 58.7% respectively. 1 However, the prognosis for those with metastatic stage IV disease is poor, with a one-year survival rate of only 53%.
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Systematic review of survival following liver or lung metastasectomy for metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma.
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