Quantifying sources of variability in fish bioaccumulation factor estimates for perfluoro-n-octane sulfonic acid: study design effects and implications for water quality criteria.

Media sampled twice weekly over 5 weeks showed highly significant temporal differences in water concentrations associated with rain events (concentrations differed by as much as 9× depending on the PFAS), which subsequently resulted in highly variable BAFs solely driven by the water concentration used in the calculation.

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Other factors affecting PFOS BAFs, including the dependency of exposure concentration on bioaccumulation ( Liu et al., 2011 ), mixture effects ( Golosovskaia et al., 2024 ), and the biotransformation and metabolism of PFAS and precursor PFAS ( Kolanczyk et al., 2023 ; Mittal & Ng 2018 ), are more difficult to evaluate in BAF studies but may be significant sources of variability.

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