The null hypothesis significance test and the dichotomization of the p-value: Errare Humanum Est.

Although it has been further classified in other disciplines as: highly significant, marginally significant and statistically non-significant; with cut-off points at 0.01 and 0.1 6 .

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Arbitrary categorization/dichotomization The p-value is a continuous numerical measure with values between 0 and 1; however, it is most often interpreted in the binary form: statistically significant and not statistically significant, based on an arbitrary threshold that usually corresponds to 0.05 in some literature but some reports consider a p-value of less than 0.01 as highly significant 9 - 11 .

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Since it is a composite metric that is highly dependent on the sample size, it implies that small differences in the effect in a sufficiently large number of observations may be statistically significant; conversely, larger differences in effect in a small number of observations may not be significant 7 , 10 , 23 , 27 , 28 .

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