Periodic expression of Per1 gene is restored in chipmunk liver during interbout arousal in mammalian hibernation.

Similarly, neither pCREB1a nor pCREB1c levels varied significantly between time periods in both the non-hibernation and hibernation seasons [one-way ANOVA, p = 0.831 (pCREB1a, non-hibernation), p = 0.0413 (pCREB1a, hibernation), p = 0.282 (pCREB1c, non-hibernation), p = 0.213 (pCREB1c, hibernation)], of which, although the one-way ANOVA analysis showed a marginally significant difference for pCREB1a in the hibernation season ( p = 0.0413), the subsequent Tukey’s test showed no significant difference in pairwise comparisons (Fig. 4 e, f).

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The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the Per1 mRNA levels increased transiently in early arousal animals whose Tb had not reached 30 °C during rewarming after spontaneous arousal from torpor (EA), compared to deeply torpid animals with Tb of 5 to 7 °C (DT), showed a decreasing trend already in interbout awake animals with Tb of 30 to 35 °C (IA-1), and further decreased in interbout awake animals with Tb of 35 to 37 °C (IA-2) (Fig. 1 b).

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