Huqi formula suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoting T cell infiltration.

Mechanistically, both high- and low-dose HQF groups showed an increasing trend in the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax/Bcl 2 and cleaved caspase-3, while components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, including PI3K, P-PI3K (Tyr607), AKT, P-AKT (S473), mTOR, and P-mTOR (Ser2448), were downregulated compared to the control group (Fig. 7 C, D, p < 0.01).

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