Ecuadorian Holstein-Friesian cattle paternal lineages: Demographic structure, inbreeding evolution, and genetic diversity.

PLoS One · 2025 · PMC11856558 · PMID 39999056

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

From the NM period till the occurrence of the genomic era, the average increase of inbreeding (∆F) showed an increasing trend from 0.08% to 0.55% (seven-fold increase) ( Table 3 ; Fig 5 ).

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