Global burden of MAFLD, MAFLD related cirrhosis and MASH related liver cancer from 1990 to 2021.

4 A-B; Supplementary Table S15 and S17 ).Similarly, for MAFLD-related cirrhosis, the predicted results showed an increasing trend in ASIR, and the increase was more pronounced in females than in males (Fig. 4 C-D; Supplementary Table S15 and S17 ).The predicted ASIR of MASH-related liver cancer to 2036 were illustrated in Fig. 4 E-F and Supplementary Table S15 and S17 .The results showed an increasing trend in ASIR for NASH-related liver cancer in males and a decreasing trend in females by 2036.

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4 E-F and Supplementary Table S15 and S17 .The results showed an increasing trend in ASIR for NASH-related liver cancer in males and a decreasing trend in females by 2036.

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The ASMR for MAFLD (AAPC = 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.03) and MASH-related liver cancer (AAPC = 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.92) exhibited a positive trend, while the ASMR for MAFLD-related cirrhosis showed a declining pattern (AAPC = − 0.05, 95% CI to 0.20 to 0.11) over recent decades (Fig. 1 D-F; Table 1 ).

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