Revisiting episodic-like memory in scrub jays: Is there more we can still learn from what-where-when caching behaviour?

Learn Behav · 2025 · PMC11880068 · PMID 39779656

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0570

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0740

boldest claim

The sentences

a nonsignificant trendp = 0.057so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The interaction demonstrated a nonsignificant trend, F (1,3) = 9.137, p = 0.057.

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close to significancep = 0.068so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

This result came close to significance (indeed, as close to significance as is obtainable with the sample): Wilcoxon test, W(1) = 4, p = 0.068.

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fell short of significancep = 0.074so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Again, the interaction effect fell short of significance, F (1,3) = 7.283, p = 0.074.

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a numerical trendno p-value reported

However, the worm tray showed a numerical trend (Fig. 4 ).

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marginally nonsignificantno p-value reported

Both analyses were marginally nonsignificant, with an observable trend suggesting greater spatial accuracy being linked to the waxworm tray specifically in the short-delay condition, and to the pine-nut tray specifically on the long-delay condition.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.