Key drivers of large scale changes in North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic circulations and their predictability.

2009 ), state estimates and observation based proxies generally support the observations and further suggest that the changes seen in the trans-basin arrays are part of a longer term variability consisting of an increasing trend from 1980 to the mid-1990s and a decline since then, with the peak occurring a few years earlier in subpolar latitudes compared to subtropical (Jackson et al. 2022 ).

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