RANKL blockade inhibits cancer growth through reversing the tolerogenic profile of tumor-infiltrating (plasmacytoid) dendritic cells.

Interestingly, while the overall number of immune cells (CD45 + ), macrophages (CD68 + ) and T cells (CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + ) remained relatively unaffected (an increasing trend was observed with higher RANKL positivity, but statistical significance was not reached), RANKL expression was significantly correlated with the densities of both Foxp3 + (Treg) and CD206 + (M2-like macrophages) cells in primary tumors ( online supplemental figure 3 ).

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