16S rDNA sequencing combined with metabolomic probes to investigate the effects of <i>Salmonella Pullorum</i> on gut microbes and metabolites in broilers.

α-Diversity analysis indicated a highly significant difference ( P < 0.01) in the Chao1 and observed species indices between Groups P and N, suggesting that microbial species richness was lower in Group P. β-Diversity analysis, as shown in Figures 3D – F , demonstrated significant separation between groups ( P < 0.05) across three methods—principal component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), indicating low similarity and high differentiation in microbial composition between the two groups.

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