HIV-Helminth Co-Infections and Immune Checkpoints: Implications for Cancer Risk in South Africa.

Viruses · 2025 · PMC11945842 · PMID 40143377

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0520

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0520

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.052so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

A marginally significant increase in the expression of TIM-3 was noted in the HIV singly infected group (adjusted β = 23.15, p = 0.052) and a significant increase was detected in the helminth singly infected group (adjusted β = 20.98, p = 0.020).

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a trend toward significanceno p-value reported

HIV-infected individuals had higher PD-1 (adjusted β = 0.12, p = 0.034) and TIM-3 (adjusted β = 23.15, p = 0.052) levels, with the latter showing a trend toward significance.

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