Characterizing Learners' Complex Attentional States During Online Multimedia Learning Using Eye-tracking, Egocentric Camera, Webcam, and Retrospective recalls.

Conversely, for time spent looking elsewhere and off task (Q4), we found a significant negative effect on learning ( B = −6.96, p = .004), and likewise but marginally significant for looking at materials, but mind wandering (Q3) ( B = −9.42, p = .0989)(see Figures 4c and 4d respectively).

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