Large Language Model Applications for Health Information Extraction in Oncology: Scoping Review.

JMIR Cancer · 2025 · PMC11970800 · PMID 40153782

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Our analysis reveals an increasing trend in the use of fine-tuning and prompt-engineering techniques in studies on LLMs, with 16 (67%) studies incorporating fine-tuning and 5 (21%) using prompt engineering.

also in 63,971 other papers

a notable trendno p-value reported

We observed a notable trend toward increasing utilization and refinement of LLM techniques over time, particularly in the areas of fine-tuning and prompt engineering.

also in 2,380 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.