highly significantp < 2e−5
Compared to non-HDP individuals, subgroups 1–3 each had a large effect size for PAPPA2 (joint Cohen’s d = 1.05 [95% CI 0.91–1.19]), whereas subgroups 4–8 each had small effect sizes for PAPPA2 (joint Cohen’s d = 0.18 [95% CI 0.12–0.25]), a highly significant increase in effect size of 5.7-fold (95% CI 4.0x–9.3x, p < 2e−5) suggesting a strong placental involvement for subgroups 1–3.