Roles of sea ice and seasonal heat storage in determining the seasonal Arctic surface warming are studied with CMIP6 simulations.

The spatial correlation between either two of sea ice cover (SIC), SW, and SHS are highly significant (r sic-sw = − 0.93, r sic-shs = − 0.51, r shs-sw = 0.48, all the correlation coefficients passed the significance test).

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With decreasing heat insulation provided by the ice cover, heat exchange at the air–sea interface increased (− 0.7 to 0.24 W/m 2 /decade; a negative value indicates an increasing trend), which led to the absorption of more heat by the ocean.

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