Decreased CO<sub>2</sub> saturation during circular breathwork supports emergence of altered states of consciousness.

Specifically, active breathers showed significantly lower levels of α-amylase post-session ( paired t test: df = 39; t = 3.4; Cohen ́s D 4 = 0.88; bf01 = 0.1; p = 0.001 ; see Supplementary Table S3 for details and see Supplementary Table S6 for comparison between breathwork formats), while the decrease was smaller and failed to reach significance in the passive-breath group ( paired t test: df = 14; t = 1.0; Cohen ́s D 4 = 0.35; bf01 = 2.6; p = 0.35; see Supplementary Table S3 ) (Fig. 5A,B ).

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