Australian birds track climate warming over decades via shifts in bill morphology.

Although this result was relatively weak (a statistical trend, pMCMC = 0.054) we suspect it underestimates the true effects of rising summer temperatures because our dataset comprise specimens collected before the series of hottest summer temperatures on record began in 2016 44 .

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The interaction between Δdays ≥35 °C and T max was marginally significant (pMCMC = 0.054), indicating a trend toward declining bill size in environments experiencing higher rates of summer warming and where T max was already high (Table 2 , Fig. 2c ).

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