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Subsurface Oxygen Vacancy Mediated Surface Reconstruction and Depolarization of Ferroelectric BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (001) Surface.

Adv Sci (Weinh) · 2025 · PMC12021061 · PMID 39948765

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an increasing trendno p-value reported
The Ti 3+ /Ti 4+ ratio, determined through multiple linear least squares (MLLS) fitting, shows an increasing trend toward the surface, suggesting that the extra electrons donated by V O occupy the Ti‐3 d orbitals (Figure 2c ).

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