Pregnant Women Chronically Infected by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with Depressive Disorder: Differential Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines.

Similarly, current depressive symptoms during pregnancy have been associated with elevated maternal serum IL-6 and TNF-α [ 47 , 48 ], showing an increasing trend across pregnancy and a significant increase at postpartum [ 47 ], and the relationship between symptom severity and both IL-6 and TNF-α was equivalent to a small effect size [ 48 ].

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