Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signalling Pathways in Heart Failure: From Molecular Mechanism to Therapeutic Potential.

144 Similarly, a study on the etiology of HF reported that serum SM levels in HFpEF patients showed a decreasing trend compared to healthy individuals, potentially serving as a key indicator for HF identification. 145 Elevated aSMase activity was detected in the muscle of patients with HF and was positively correlated with inflammation levels and HF disease markers.

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