Robotic partial nephrectomy is associated with a lower incidence of urine leakage following nephron-sparing surgery for kidney tumors compared to open and laparoscopic approaches.

This difference in T1b prevalence between the UL and no-UL groups was highly significant (χ2 = 57.6, p < 0.0001).

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In addition, operative duration showed a trend toward significance; when expressed per 10-minute increments, each additional 10 min of operative time increased the odds of UL by roughly 10–12% (approximate OR 1.12 per 10 min, p = 0.03).

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