Typically, screw-retained restorations are fabricated using prefabricated universal casting long abutments (UCLA) [ 12 ], which come in two variants: (1) castable all-plastic and (2) overcast abutments with a plastic sleeve and a pre-machined metallic connection composed of either gold or base metal cobalt-chromium alloys, with an increasing trend towards the adoption of base metal connections due to the elevated gold cost.
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Abutment connection structural changes in dual-retained and screw-retained metal-ceramic implant-supported restorations: an in vitro study, part I.
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