What if I fail? Unsuccessful smoking cessation attempts and symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMJ Open · 2025 · PMC12049876 · PMID 40316352

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0700

closest p · 1.4× alpha

0.0700

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantp =0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Subgroup differences were observed for anxiety symptoms, although these were not significant ( online supplemental table H2 ); for studies with scores of 3 or less, the overall effect was only borderline significant ( p =0.07), and heterogeneity was higher ( I 2 =74%) compared with studies scoring 4 or 5 ( I 2 =59%).

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a positive trendno p-value reported

Conclusions Most studies indicated a positive trend in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression during a quit attempt.

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