Comprehensive Study of Groundwater Hydrochemistry, Driving Forces, and Health Risks in Representative Rural Agglomerations, Northern China.

In contrast, in 2020, 60.7% of the groundwater samples were rated ′′very good′′ with an EWQI value below 25; 35.7% showed ′′good′′ quality with an EWQI value between 25 and 50; and only one sample fell into the ′′medium′′ category, representing 3.57%. Collectively, these results indicate a positive trend in the quality of rural drinking water in the study area over time. 4.4.2 Nitrate Exposure Risk Assessment The percentage of groundwater samples with NO 3 – levels surpassing the regulatory standards for the years 2018 and 2020, as detailed in Table 1 at 13.64 and 21.43%, respectively, served as the critical parameter for assessing health risks.

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