Synergistic niobium and manganese co-doping into RuO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystal enables PEM water splitting under high current.

Nat Commun · 2025 · PMC12084596 · PMID 40379743

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Accordingly, the average oxidation state of Ru for N 0.1 M 0.1 RO is calculated to be +3.79 for N 0.1 M 0.1 RO, +3.32 for N 0.1 M 0.1 RO 50 h@10 mA cm −2 , and +3.26 for N 0.1 M 0.1 RO 150 h@200 mA cm −2 , confirming that the average oxidation state of Ru exhibits a decreasing trend after the long-term stability measurement.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.

Synergistic niobium and manganese co-doping into RuO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; nanocrystal enables PEM water splitting under high current.

The sentences

Synergistic niobium and manganese co-doping into RuO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystal enables PEM water splitting under high current.