Chitosan alleviates symptoms of Parkinson's disease by reducing acetate levels, which decreases inflammation and promotes repair of the intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier.

Cells treated with GW0742 showed an increasing trend in PPARD expression relative to untreated cells.

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ZO-1 and occludin protein levels were elevated in the chitosan group than MPTP group; however, acetate supplementation was associated with a decreasing trend in the expression of these two proteins ( Figure 5 B ).

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