Association between inhaled corticosteroids and incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: nationwide population-based study.

BMJ Open Respir Res · 2025 · PMC12097008 · PMID 40404186

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0880

closest p · 1.8× alpha

0.0880

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp=0.088so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In COPD patients, ICS use showed a marginally significant increased risk for narrowly defined IPF (adjusted HR: 3.00, 95% CI: 0.48 to 18.61, p=0.088), but not for broadly defined IPF.

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