Has the green total factor productivity increased in the early stage of the establishment of smart city.

PLoS One · 2025 · PMC12097604 · PMID 40403033

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

This indicates that the green TFP of smart cities decreases in the short term, while in the medium and long term it shows an increasing trend.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

This indicates that the GTFP of the first batch of smart city pilots showed a decreasing trend in the early stage of policy implementation.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.