Global spatiotemporal patterns of demographic fluctuations in terrestrial vertebrates during the Late Pleistocene.

Subsequently, we divided the entire period into four distinct intervals and applied the Wilcoxon test to compare derivatives among the four taxa across these intervals: (i) before the PGM (~140 ka), when global temperatures exhibited a declining trend (200 to 140 ka); (ii) from the PGM to the LIG (140 to 120 ka), characterized by an increasing trend in global temperatures; (iii) from the LIG to the LGM (120 to 19 ka), marked by a decline in global temperatures; and (iv) after the LGM (19 to 10 ka), when global temperatures exhibited an increasing trend.

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