Performance analysis of three-dimensional passive micromixers using k-means priority clustering with AHP-based sustainable design optimization.

Finally, the channel width shows an increasing trend, as wider channels allow higher flow rates, raising pressure losses due to enhanced fluid-wall interactions.

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Moreover, the term (D∇2C) represents molecular diffusion, becoming highly significant at low Reynolds numbers or in micro-scale geometries where mixing by pure diffusion dominates.

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The results reveal a notable trend: fluid species exhibit improved mixing at lower mass flow rates.

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