Global cardiovascular disease burden attributable to particulate matter pollution, 1990-2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2045.

In summary, from 1990 to 2021, although the number of deaths and DALYs for CVD attributed to PM2.5 showed an increasing trend, the ASR both showed a significant downward trend, and this trend was more pronounced in females.

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When SDI is below 0.5, the EAPC of ASR maintains a stable trend, whereas when SDI is above 0.5, the EAPC of ASR shows a decreasing trend as SDI grows larger (Fig. 1 ).

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