Kernels of selfhood: GPT-4o shows humanlike patterns of cognitive dissonance moderated by free choice.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2025 · PMC12107184 · PMID 40366689

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highly significantno p-value reported

As detailed in Table 1 (see also SI Appendix, Table S24 ), this contrast (Pro- versus Anti-Putin) was highly significant across conditions, but was notably larger in the Choice condition ( d = 4.179) than in the No Choice condition ( d = 3.229).

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